PM2.5污染对我国健康负担和经济损失的影响

开展全国范围归因于PM_2.5污染的健康负担和经济损失研究,对于污染防控政策至关重要.首先利用空气质量模型（WRF-Chem）模拟结果,分析2016年PM_2.5的时空分布和暴露水平;同时结合环境健康风险及环境价值评估方法,评估PM_2.5污染引起的健康负担和经济损失;最后基于情景分析方法,预估实现具体PM_2.5控制目标的健康经济效益.结果表明,2016年,我国PM_2.5污染主要集中在京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、四川盆地以及西北沙漠地区,且71.49%的人口暴露在PM_2.5浓度高于35 μg·m^-3的环境空气中;PM_2.5污染造成约106.04万人过早死亡,约占总死亡人数的10.9%,其中冠心病和中风约占80%;PM_2.5污染造成健康经济损失7059.31亿元,约占国内生产总值（GDP）的0.95%.PM_2.5污染造成的健康负担和经济损失存在显著空间差异,主要分布在PM_2.5浓度和人口密度高的中东部地区;情景分析表明,我国所有地区PM_2.5浓度降至35 μg·m^-3,只能避免17.11%的健康经济损失,而降至10 μg·m^-3可以带来80.47%的健康经济效益.建议环境管理者进一步加强控制力度,更好地保障居民的健康和财富利益,尤其是心脑血管疾病患者等敏感人群以及归因死亡率高的地区.     

上海市实施清洁空气行动计划的健康收益分析

为掌握上海市实施清洁空气行动计划(2013~2017年)的人群健康收益,综合采用空气质量数值模拟、健康风险评估、环境价值评估方法定量评价行动计划实施后居民大气PM_(2.5)暴露水平变化及健康和经济效益.结果表明,PM_(2.5)年均暴露浓度在35μg·m~(-3)及以下的人口比例由基准年的1.62%上升至控制年的34.06%,归因PM_(2.5)暴露死亡风险由基准年的15.2%下降至控制年的11.9%.实现的健康收益总和为118.41亿元(95%CI:50.24~178.19亿元),占2013年上海市国民生产总值0.55%(95%CI:0.23%~0.82%).行动计划的实施对保护人群健康具有积极作用,外环线以内人口密集且PM_(2.5)降幅较高的区域健康收益更加显著.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

氨氮胁迫下罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）机体免疫力的变化及其对海豚链球菌易感性的影响

研究了不同作用时间（0、24、48、96和120 h）下不同质量浓度氨氮（对照组、1、3、5和10 mg·L-1）对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）血清SOD、AKP、溶菌酶和补体C3活性的影响,以及不同质量浓度氨氮（对照组、1、3、5和10 mg·L-1）胁迫下罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性。结果显示：在1.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清SOD活性在24 h受到诱导;在3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清SOD活性均受到抑制,最大抑制率分别达18.85%、23.47%和38.46%。在1.0 mg·L-1氨氮质量浓度下,罗非鱼血清AKP活性在0-96 h呈先降低后恢复的趋势;5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组的血清AKP活性在24-120 h则一直受到抑制。1.0 mg·L-1实验组的罗非鱼血清溶菌酶活性在24-120 h一直无显著变化,3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组的血清溶菌酶活性随着氨氮质量浓度的升高而降低。1.0 mg·L-1实验组的罗非鱼血清补体C3活性在各个采样时间下均大于对照组,而5.0和10.0 mg·L-1实验组补体C3活性始终受到抑制。罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性实验研究显示,置于3.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L-1的罗非鱼的累积死亡率分别为43.33%、46.67%和63.33%,显著高于对照组和1.0 mg·L-1实验组,表明氨氮质量浓度超过3.0 mg·L-1能够增加罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的易感性。本实验认为,超过3 mg·L-1的氨氮质量浓度胁迫能够显著降低罗非鱼的免疫力,增加对海豚链球菌的易感性。因此在罗非鱼健康养殖中,调控并降低氨氮质量浓度非常重要。     

Male-biased predation of a cave fish by a giant water bug

Male-biased predation has been described from several epigean species, and in many cases, intrinsic differences between the sexes (such as male ornaments) have been suggested as an explanation. Here we report on male-biased predation of a cave fish (Poecilia mexicana) by an aquatic insect (Belostoma sp.) in a Mexican sulfur cave. P. mexicana use aquatic surface respiration (ASR) to survive in their sulfidic, hypoxic habitat. We found that males typically exhibit more ASR activity than females, which leads to increased exposure to the sit-and-wait predator that catches fish near the water surface. Our finding is novel, because male vulnerability to predation is not directly related to male traits involved in courtship, but rather due to other sexual differences in behavior and ultimately, oxygen demands.     

A preliminary study on mortality attributed to tropical cyclones in Taiwan 2000–2014

Studies on mortality attributed to tropical cyclones often concern large-scale disasters. Attention is rarely paid to small-scale mortality over the long term. To understand the relationship between the environment and the behavior that contributes to mortality, this article uses a classification table to review the 1556 deaths attributed to tropical cyclones, named typhoons, in Taiwan during the period 2000–2014. The results demonstrate that the majority of outdoor deaths are associated with work-related activities, while most indoor deaths occur during non-work-related activities. Taking action, such as stopping the car on a bridge if the tail lights of a vehicle in front disappear, and not walking on the roadside when the road is flooded by muddy water, may help to reduce the likelihood of typhoon-attributed death. The findings also help to dispel four myths associated with typhoon-attributed mortality.     

Definition of Planarian Mortality in an Acute Toxicity Test: A Case Study on Dugesia japonica Exposed to 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

In order to define the mortality criteria of planarian objectively,a case study of Dugesia japonica exposed to 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([C8mim]Br)was performed followed by a recovery culture.The results showed that defining planarian mortality in light of its body disintegration was appropriate.If the disintegrated tissue of a planarian was more than 1/4 of its body length,it would completely degenerate.However,a planarian would regenerate the lost tissue and return to normal after a few days’recovery culture if the disintegrated part was less than 1/4 of body length.Therefore,we propose to use body disintegration as the endpoint of planarian mortality,i.e.,1/4 body length degenerated is the critical threshold of mortality and survival of planarians when exposed to toxicants.This criterion could be adapted in the standardization of testing protocols and comparability of acute toxicity test or other toxicological research using planarian as the test animal.     

Livestock mortality in pastoralist herds in Ethiopia and implications for drought response

Participatory epidemiology methods were employed retrospectively in three pastoralist regions of Ethiopia to estimate the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought. The results showed that starvation/dehydration accounted for between 61.5 and 100 per cent of excess livestock mortality during drought, whereas disease‐related mortality accounted for between 0 and 28.1 per cent of excess mortality. Field observations indicate that, in livestock, disease risks and mortality increase in the immediate post‐drought period, during rain. The design of livelihoods‐based drought response programmes should include protection of core livestock assets, and it should take account of the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought and immediately afterwards. This study shows that, when comparing livestock feed supplementation and veterinary support, relatively more aid should be directed at the former if the objective is to protect core livestock during drought. Veterinary support should consider disease‐related mortality in the immediate post‐drought period, and tailor inputs accordingly.     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

苯并芘(B[a]P)已广泛分布于海洋环境中,低等海洋无脊椎动物从受精卵开始整个生长发育过程都面临着B[a]P等多环芳烃类污染物(PAHs)的威胁。本实验以热带海洋优势贝类马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)作为材料,研究B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将幼虫暴露于不同浓度(1、2、4、10和15μg·L-1)B[a]P中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、72、84小时,分别测定其D型面盘幼虫的死亡率和畸形数。结果表明:B[a]P对D型面盘幼虫死亡率的影响明显,死亡率与时间呈正相关,其中4和10μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。在1～10μg·L-1浓度范围内,死亡率与浓度呈正相关;B[a]P暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,且随着浓度的增大产生畸形个体的时间越短。另外,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低后趋于稳定,48h时LC50趋于稳定,为21.56μg·L-1。研究表明,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D形幼虫的发育具有不利影响,并可能影响其种群结构。